نشریه روانشناسی پیری
سال هشتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 31، زمستان 1401)

According to the rapid aging of the population and the reduction of physical activity in the elderly, it seems necessary to examine the important factors involved in motivating the elderly to participate in physical activity. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the mediating role of the place attachment in the relationship between physical-environmental factors and the elderly’s motivation for physical activity (MFPA). It was a descriptive-correlational study, of structural equation modeling (SEM) type. The statistical population of the current study included all the elderly participating in Shahrud Health Road, of whom 350 were selected as a sample of the study. Hatami-Nejad et al.’s physical-environmental factors, Deci and Ryan’s sport participation motivation, and Kyle et al.’s place attachment questionnaires were used to measure the variables of physical-environmental factors, MFPA and place attachment, respectively. Data analysis was conducted using SEM in Smart-PLS 3.2.8 software. The results showed a direct significant positive relationship between physical-environmental factors and place attachment, as well as a significant positive relationship between place attachment and MFPA. Besides, there was a significant indirect relationship between physical-environmental factors and MFPA through the mediating role of the place attachment. However, there was no significant relationship between physical-environmental factors and MFPA. According to the findings of the research, it can be said that one of the effective factors in increasing the motivation of the elderly to participate in physical activity is paying attention to the environmental factors and, as a result, creating a sense of attachment to place in them.ReferencesAlimardani, M., Mohammadi, M., & Zibaee Farimani, N. (2018). 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The elderly refers to a period of human's life during which their physical strength becomes weak and incapacitated, and they become exposed to all kinds of physical and mental diseases. Alzheimer’s disease seems to be on the diseases, among the common ones in the elderly, which causes dementia and forgetfulness, and can affect functions such as memory, attention and concentration. Therefore, the current study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of computer-based cognitive exercises (CBCEs) on memory, attention and concentration in the elderly with mild Alzheimer's disease living in nursing homes. This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of this research was all the elderly with mild Alzheimer's disease living in nursing homes of Tehran in 2022, among whom 30 people were selected using convenience sampling as the statistical sample and randomly assigned into two 15-member groups of control and experimental. Used to collect data were cognitive exercises including 20 computer cognitive games, mini mental state examination (MMSE) and simple Stroop test. The experimental group performed sixteen 45-minute sessions of CBCEs, twice a week. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS-26 software. Based on the findings, CBCEs had no significant effect on the memory of the elderly with mild Alzheimer's disease (P≥0.05). However, CBCEs were resulted in the improvement of concentration and attention in the elderly (P≤0.05). These findings provide scientific implications for experts in the field of geriatric psychology, as such CBCEs can be used as a targeted program in nursing homes in order to improve the condition of these people and strengthen the memory, attention and concentration of the elderly with mild Alzheimer’s disease. ReferencesIbyaraki, A., Yazdanbakhsh, K., & Momeni, Kh. (2017). The effectiveness of computerized cognitive rehabilitation on reducing cognitive impairment in students with learning disabilities. Quarterly Journal of Psychology of Exceptional People, 7(26), 127-157. [Persian]Alami, R., Yadegari, F., & Rahgoz, M. (2010). Comparing the relationship between working memory components and sentence comprehension in Alzheimer's patients and healthy elderly. Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences and Social Health, 11(4), 46-59. [Persian]Aly, M., & Turk-Browne, N. B. (2017). How hippocampal memory shapes, and is shaped by, attention. In the Hippocampus from Cells to Systems (pp. 369-403). 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The elderly, as one of the sensitive stages of human development, has its own unique features and conditions. Considering this issue, one of the important elements affecting the general health (GH) of the elderly appears to be their mindfulness and spiritual intelligence. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of predicting GH based on spiritual intelligence through the mediating role of mindfulness in the elderly. This was a fundamental research in terms of its purpose, and a descriptive-correlational of path analysis type in terms of its method. The statistical population of the current study included all the elderly living in nursing homes in three districts of 3, 8 and 20 of Tehran, Iran in 2022, of whom 250 people were selected as the sample using convenience sampling method. The measures consisted of King's spiritual intelligence, Goldberg and Hiller's GH and Baer et al.’s mindfulness questionnaires. The data collected by SPSS-26 and AMOS-22 software were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and path analysis. The results illustrated that the hypothesized model has a good fit with the data. Moreover, the results of the path analysis to investigate the role of the mediator variable indicated that mindfulness mediates the relationship between spiritual intelligence and GH in the elderly. As all the aforementioned three predictive variables are capable of being improved, can be used in GH related interventions in order to improve GH in the elderly.ReferencesAhmadvand, Z. (2011). Cheking the validity and reliability of the five-fact mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ) in non-clinical iranian sampels. Master thesis in Clinical Psychology, Shahed University. [Persian]Ahadi, B., Mehrinejad, S., & Moradi, F. (2016). Cognitive deficits in the elderly: The role of mindfulness and hyperexcitability. Journal of Aging Psychology, 3(2), 115-125. [Persian]Asgari, Sh., & Shafiei, H. 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Considering that the population aging process has started in Iran, it is obvious that identifying the health status of the elderly and the factors affecting successful aging is the first step to improve their health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to predict successful aging based on lifestyle, spiritual intelligence and self-efficacy. This was a descriptive-correlational research in terms of its method and a basic research in terms of its purpose. The statistical population of this study was consisted of all the elderly living in nursing homes of Tehran, Iran in 2021, the number of whom was estimated to be about 1100 people. The statistical sample was 285 people were selected using cluster sampling method and finally from the collected questionnaires 200 completed questionnaires were analyzed. Zanjari et al.’s Successful aging, King’s spiritual intelligence and Sherer and Maddux’s self-efficacy questionnaires were used to collect information in this study. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used for the data to be analyzed in SPSS-24 software. The result of Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated that there is significant positive correlation between lifestyle and successful aging (r=0.67), self-efficacy and successful aging (r=0.40), as well as spiritual intelligence and successful aging (r=0.21) and among the component of spiritual intelligence, personal meaning had the highest correlation with successful aging (r=0.67). Moreover, the results of multiple regression analysis indicated that 54% of the changes in successful aging can be interpreted by the predictor variables (P<0.01). According to the results, steps can be taken to improve successful aging through modifying life style, and improving the level of spiritual intelligence and self-efficacy. In conclusion, the elderly should not consider the features and characteristics of aging as their personal weakness, and make changes in their life style by finding a suitable life style for this period, increasing their self–efficacy and improving their spiritual intelligence.
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The growing trend of aging population and the importance of psychological cohesion of the elderly has made it more important to study the factors associated with it. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship with psychological cohesion through the mediating role of psychological hardiness. The research method was descriptive, of  structural equations modeling type. The statistical population included all the elderly under the care of welfare nursing homes in Mashhad in the first three months of 2022, of whom 100 eligible individuals were selected using convenience sampling method. The measures included Paloutzian and Ellison’s spiritual health, Kiamrei et al.’s psychological hardiness and Antonovsky’s sense of coherence questionnaires. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and structural equations modeling were used to analyze the data in SPSS-22 and Smart PLS software. The results revealed that the path coefficient between spiritual health and psychological cohesion was positive and significant (P<0.01), the path coefficient between spiritual health and psychological hardiness was positive and significant (P<0.01), and the path coefficient between psychological hardiness and psychological cohesion was positive and significant (P<0.05). Besides, the path coefficient of the mediating role of psychological hardiness was positive and significant (P<0.05). In general, the research model had sufficient fit. Therefore, the results of the study convey the importance of spiritual health and psychological hardiness in the psychological cohesion of the elderly.  ReferencesAbbasi, F., Azizi, E., Shamsi Gooshki, M., Naseri Rad, M., Akbari Lakeh, M. (2013). Conceptual definition and operationalization of spiritual health: a methodological study. 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The aging process can be known as a set of structural and functional adverse changes that accumulate increasingly with the increase of age, and results in the decrease of components like life expectancy and psychological well-being of the elderly. However, the mentioned components can be improved. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of reality therapy on the life expectancy and psychological well-being of the elderly living in nursing homes. It was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included of all the elderly living in nursing homes of Hamedan, Iran in the second six months of 2022. The sample included of 30 people selected using purposeful sampling method and according to the inclusion criteria of the stdy. Participants were randomly assigned into two 15-member groups of experimental and control. The experimental group received 10 sessions of reality therapy intervention and the control group did not receive any intervention in the same time. The measures conducted of Schneider's life expectancy and Ryff’s psychological well-being questionnaires. Finally, the collected data were analyzed at two levels of descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (univariate covariance analysis) by SPSS version 24 software. The results illustrated that reality therapy intervention is significantly effective in increasing the life expectancy of the elderly and in increasing their psychological well-being (P<0.05). 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